# Draining a Container

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Draining a Container

Question: Consider a container with area $A_1$ and height $h$. A small hole of $A_2$ is put into the bottom of the container. How much time $t$ does it take to drain the container? Assume $A_2 \ll A_1$.

We will show:

$t = \frac{A_1}{A_2} \sqrt{\frac{2h}{g}}$

Applicable Ideas:

Continuity Equation

$A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$

There is no accumulation in the amount of fluid anywhere in the container.

Bernoulli Equation

$P_1 + \frac{1}{2} \rho {v_1}^2 + \rho g h_1 = P_2 + \frac{1}{2} \rho {v_2}^2 + \rho g h_2$

The statement of conservation of energy for the fluid. Applying this to the problem, where $P_o$ is atmospheric pressure:

$P_o + \frac{1}{2} \rho {v_1}^2 + \rho g h = P_o + \frac{1}{2} \rho {v_2}^2$

$\frac{1}{2} \rho {v_1}^2 + \rho g h = \frac{1}{2} \rho {v_2}^2$

${v_1}^2 + 2gh = {v_2}^2$

$v_1 = \frac{dh}{dt}$

Sidenote: If $A_1 \gg A_2$, then $v_1 \ll v_2$ and we have $v_2 = \sqrt{2gh}$. This is Torricelli’s law where the speed of the fluid emerging from the bottom of the container is equal to the speed it would have attained falling through a distance $h$.

Here we can use that fact to write:

$A_1 \frac{dh}{dt} = - A_2 \sqrt{2gh}$

The negative sign is introduced because the water is leaving the container.

$\frac{dh}{dt} = - \frac{A_2}{A_1} \sqrt{2gh}$

$\int^0_h \frac{1}{\sqrt{h}}\,dh = \sqrt{2g} \frac{A_2}{A_1} \int^t_0\,dt$

$2\sqrt{h} = \sqrt{2g} \frac{A_2}{A_1} t$

$t = \frac{A_1}{A_2} \sqrt{\frac{2h}{g}}$

Bonus Question: Consider a hemispherical container of radius $R$. A small hole of radius $r = 1$ is put into the bottom of the container. How much time $t$ does it take to drain the container? Assume $r \ll R$.

We will show:

$t = \frac{14}{15}\frac{R^{5/2}}{r^2\sqrt{2g}}$

$r = 1$

$t = \frac{14}{15}\frac{R^{5/2}}{\sqrt{2g}}$

We will apply the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation just like before.

$R(t)^2 = R^2 - (R - h)^2 = 2Rh - h^2$

$A_1 = \pi R(t)^2 = \pi (2Rh - h^2)$

$A_2 = \pi r^2$

From the Bernoulli equation:

${v_1}^2 + 2gR = {v_2}^2$

We will approximate ${v_2}^2 = 2gR$ because $A_1 \gg A_2$ holds most of the time.

$\pi (2Rh - h^2) \frac{dh}{dt} = - \pi r^2 \sqrt{2gh}$

$\frac{h^2 - 2Rh}{\sqrt{h}} dh = r^2 \sqrt{2g}\,dt$

$\frac{1}{r^2\sqrt{2g}}\int^R_0 2Rh^{1/2} - h^{3/2}\,dh = \int^t_0 \,dt$

$\left[\frac{4}{3}Rh^{3/2} - \frac{2}{5}h^{5/2}\right]^R_0 = \frac{4}{3}R^{5/2} - \frac{2}{5}R^{5/2}$

$\frac{14}{15}R^{5/2} = t r^2 \sqrt{2g}$

$t = \frac{14}{15}\frac{R^{5/2}}{r^2\sqrt{2g}}$

$r = 1$

$t = \frac{14}{15}\frac{R^{5/2}}{\sqrt{2g}}$